CVE-2026-54496CWE-345

Missing copy constraint in halo2_gadgets variable-base scalar multiplication allows under-constrained base, breaking Orchard Action circuit soundness

Critical · published July 17, 2026

CVSS v3.1
9.3
EPSS
0%
Percentile
23.2
In the wild
Unconfirmed
What it is

ZEBRA is a Zcash node written entirely in Rust. Prior to zebrad 5.0.0, halo2_gadgets 0.5.0, orchard 0.14.0, zcash_primitives 0.28.0, and zcashd 6.20.0, the variable-base scalar multiplication gadget in halo2_gadgets/src/ecc/chip/mul/incomplete.rs used assign_advice() for the base point without a copy constraint tying it to the actual base, allowing a malicious prover to produce a valid proof for an Orchard Action with an under-constrained base point and bypass the diversified-address-integrity check that binds pk_d, g_d, ivk, the nullifier (nf), and the spend validating key (ak) to the note being spent. This issue is fixed in zebrad 5.0.0, halo2_gadgets 0.5.0, orchard 0.14.0, zcash_primitives 0.28.0, and zcashd 6.20.0.

The record
Technical detail
CVSS v3.1
9.3 · CRITICAL
Vector
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:L
CVSS v4.0
Not supplied
EPSS
0.00315 · 23.2th percentile
Weakness
CWE-345 · Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Published
2026-07-17T16:59Z
EPSS history
Timeline
  • 17 JUL 16:59Z
    Missing copy constraint in halo2_gadgets variable-base scalar multiplication allows under-constrained base, breaking Orchard Action circuit soundness
    cvelistv5